A novel workflow for indirect cobalt-chromium restorations using additive manufacturing without digital design

This preliminary investigation explored additive manufacturing to fabricate cobalt-chromium onlay restorations without the use of digital design. Extracted molars were prepared for four-surface onlays followed by the conventional approach for the fabrication of provisionals. The provisionals were digitized with an intraoral scanner, and stereolithography (STL) files were fabricated with additive manufacturing in cobalt-chromium, utilizing selective laser melting (SLM). Onlays were bonded to the corresponding tooth. Restorations were polished after cementation and assessed with photography, radiography, and a clinical post-cementation checklist. Cementation was unremarkable; marginal adaption and surface finish were generally acceptable. A simple, efficient, and inexpensive alternative workflow for the fabrication of indirect restorations without using the digital design is proposed.


Introduction
The impact of technology on dentistry has substantially increased over the last decade. 1 This has been well documented in prosthodontics with the increased use of digital impressions and digital design for indirect restorations. 2,3 Although the technology has significantly changed, the workflow has not. Procedural steps include tooth preparation, digitization, digital design, and restoration fabrication, respectively. 3 The established workflow can prove challenging in terms of time, cost, and complexity, limiting its application and availability. 4 This preliminary in vitro investigation explored the use of additive manufacturing to fabricate cobalt-chromium onlay restorations without a digital design.

Methods
Three extracted, undamaged human molar teeth were randomly selected from a group of extracted molars. Each tooth was fixed onto a hand-held support. A sectional tray (TempTray; Clinician's Choice, London, Canada) and provisional material (Template; Clinician's Choice, London, Canada) were employed to impress each tooth. The teeth were prepared for a four-surface lithium disilicate (Ivoclar, Buffalo, United States) onlay preparation (Figure 1), as either a mesial-occlusaldistal-lingual (MODL) or a mesial-occlusal-distalbuccal (MODB) onlay. The provisional matrix was filled with a bis-acrylic composite resin (Integrity; Dentsply, Milford, United States) and placed over the prepared tooth. A standard four-surface provisional restoration was then fabricated, shaped, and polished ( Figure 2). The provisional restorations were fixed with a Pic-n-Stic Each onlay was bonded to its corresponding prepared tooth using resin cement (GC, Alsip, United States) following the manufacturer's protocol. 5 The restorations were then polished with high-speed diamond burs and slow-speed finishing discs. Post-cementation photographs were taken of the restorations in buccal, lingual, mesial, distal and occlusal views (Figures 7 and 8). Radiographs were also taken for each restoration in mesiodistal and        buccolingual aspects (Figures 9 and 10).

Results
The digital scanner provided an STL file of suitable resolution for three-dimensional (3D) printing in metal. The indirect onlay restorations were successfully 3D-printed in cobalt-chromium with dimensions, morphology, and fit clinically acceptable for subsequent cementation. Cementation was unremarkable and adequately retained the onlays, similar to previous investigations. 6 Marginal adaption was generally acceptable but was clinically unacceptable in one area due to an open margin. The surface finish was generally acceptable but could be improved in some areas, especially on the occlusal surface.

Discussion
This preliminary study demonstrated that the workflow of additive manufacturing of cobalt-chromium onlays, without digital design, is possible. For predictability, the scanner and printer must have an adequate resolution. The printed final restoration quality depends on the provisional; therefore, a highly morphologically accurate, ideally adapted (margins), and polished provisional is mandatory, as cobalt-chromium is difficult to polish. The preparation was suitable for the material.
A novel workflow has been proposed ( Figure 11) that provides the clinician with a simple, efficient, and inexpensive alternative to the traditional workflow. The novel workflow bypasses the need for digital design, which would significantly reduce (1) the time required and (2) the cost compared to the conventional workflow. This approach might be warranted where costs create barriers to treatment for both the patient and clinician.
Although this study investigated indirect restorations with cobalt-chromium, other metal powders currently employed in additive manufacturing could be utilized, including stainless steel and titanium. 7 Moreover, the novel workflow could be applied to non-metal, esthetic restorations, including zirconia and lithium disilicate, using milling (CAD/CAM) as the output. The authors have investigated this with a single unit with the same workflow and similar results (Figures 12 and 13).
This preliminary study had a small sample size, and the assessment was limited, as the restorations were only assessed through (1) photographs, (2) radiographs, and a (3) clinical post-cementation checklist on stand-alone extracted teeth. Further evaluations are required with larger sample sizes, adjacent teeth, antagonists, other materials, physical testing, and a clinical study.

Conclusion
Digital dentistry will continue to expand and have an increased impact on clinical practice. The novel workflow for indirect cobalt-chromium restorations using additive manufacturing without digital design provides clinicians and patients with an alternative approach. The simplified workflow, with significantly reduced time and cost, provides a predictable and successful technique for indirect restorations.