Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 2008-210X 20 3 2026 09 30 Polyethylene Glycol-Assisted Purmorphamine Delivery on β-Tricalcium Phosphate Granules for Bone Tissue Engineering: An in Vitro and in Vivo Study 154 164 10.34172/joddd.44561 EN Zeinab Bakhtiari https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9546-390X Hanieh Nokhbatolfoghahaei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6154-4349 Saeed Farzad-Mohajeri Hannaneh Safiaghdam Hossein Aminianfar Maryam Rezia Rad Massoumeh Jabbari Fakhr Zahrasadat Paknejad Simzar Hosseinzadeh Mohammad Mehdi Dehghan Mohammad Jafarian Saeed Asgary Arash Khojasteh Journal Article 10.34172/joddd.44561 2026 01 31 2026 08 04 Introduction: We aimed to design and evaluate a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-assisted purmorphamine (PM) delivery system in combination with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) granules. Methods: Various PEG molecular weights in conjunction with β-TCP granules were examined to control PM delivery, which showed that PEG with a molecular weight of 6000 g/mol was the most effective for PM release. Cell adhesion and morphology, cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and differentiation were compared between PM-releasing β-TCP and control β-TCP. In vivo osteogenic capacity of PM-β-TCP granules in 8-mm critical-sized rat calvarial defects was evaluated after 4 and 8 weeks. Results: The in vitro findings demonstrated that sustained PM release enhanced rBMSC proliferation and significantly increased osteogenic markers, including ALP activity. However, in vivo evaluation showed no statistically significant difference in new bone formation or angiogenesis between PM-treated and control β-TCP groups at either time point, although bone formation was observed in all groups. Conclusion: Overall, the PEG-mediated PM delivery system promoted osteogenic activity in vitro but did not result in a significant improvement in bone regeneration in vivo under the conditions tested. These findings suggest that further optimization of dosage, release kinetics, and experimental conditions is required before clinical translation.