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J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2015;9(2): 115-120. doi: 10.15171/joddd.2014.023
PMID: 26236439        PMCID: PMC4517304

Original Research

Social and Behavioral Determinants for Early Childhood Caries among Preschool Children in India

Mitali Jain 1 * , Ritu Namdev 2, Meenakshi Bodh 1, Samir Dutta 3, Parul Singhal 1, Arun Kumar 4

Cited by CrossRef: 41

1- Woolfolk S, Cloyd A, Ye Q, Boone K, Spencer P, Snead M, Tamerler C. Peptide-Enabled Nanocomposites Offer Biomimetic Reconstruction of Silver Diamine Fluoride-Treated Dental Tissues. Polymers. 2022;14(7):1368 [Crossref]
2- Sridevi T, Pranoti S, Anand S, Umesh W, Sachin G. Factors associated with early childhood caries among 3 to 6 year old children in India: A case control study. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. 2018;11(1):45 [Crossref]
3- Güçlü Z, Karadağ C. The effects of familial factors on the early childhood caries of preschool children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1) [Crossref]
4- Tran T, Hoang T, Hoang M, Tran N, Nguyen N, Hoang P, Vo T. Community-based Interventions to Prevent Dental Caries among Kindergarten Children in Vietnam: A 12-month Study of Field Trial. 2022;23(2):135 [Crossref]
5- Kubota Y, San Pech N, Durward C, Ogawa H. Early childhood caries status and its associated factors among young children in a rural area of Cambodia. Pediatric Dental Journal. 2020;30(1):17 [Crossref]
6- Neena I, Singh Y, Bahanan A, Meghana S. A Survey regarding Maternal Awareness about Oral Hygiene and Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in 3- to 6-year-old Children in Davangere, Karnataka, India. 2016;8(1):6 [Crossref]
7- Al-Jaber A, Al-Qatami H, Abed Al Jawad F. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Parents on Early Childhood Caries in Qatar—A Questionnaire Study. Eur J Dent. 2022;16(03):669 [Crossref]
8- Pranno N, Zumbo G, Tranquilli M, Stamegna L, Zara F, Vozza I, Cherstvy A. Oral Hygiene Habits and Use of Fluoride in Developmental Age: Role of Parents and Impact on their Children. BioMed Research International. 2022;2022(1) [Crossref]
9- Gur E, Keles S, Cevik O. Concentrations of interleukin-32, interleukin −10, interleukin −6, and TNF-alfa are higher in saliva of children with early childhood caries. Pediatric Dental Journal. 2023;33(2):116 [Crossref]
10- Seni A, Todor L, Kis A, Cincu M, Popovici R, Porumb A, Olariu I, Tarcea M. Assessment of Oral Hygiene Practices and Dental Health Conditions in School-Aged Children of 7–10 Years. Children. 2025;12(10):1288 [Crossref]
11- Candan M, Buldur B. Primary Tooth Extraction Pattern Among Turkish Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries Treated Under General Anesthesia. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr. 2020;20 [Crossref]
12- Wassel M, Salman N, Metwalli N. A Preliminarily Investigation on Oral Colonization and Counts of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis in a Group of Predentate Infants in Relation to Some Maternal and Infant Factors (A Longitudinal Observational Study). 2023;16(1):79 [Crossref]
13- Hemati G, Imani M, Choubsaz P, Inchingolo F, Sharifi R, Sadeghi M, Tadakamadla S. Evaluation of Beta-Defensin 1 and Mannose-Binding Lectin 2 Polymorphisms in Children with Dental Caries Compared to Caries-Free Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children. 2023;10(2):232 [Crossref]
14- Su H, Yang R, Deng Q, Qian W, Yu J. Deciduous dental caries status and associated risk factors among preschool children in Xuhui District of Shanghai, China. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1) [Crossref]
15- YİĞİT T, KÜÇÜKEŞMEN Ç. EBEVEYNLERİN SOSYO-EKONOMİK DURUMUNUN VE ORAL HİJYEN ALIŞKANLIKLARININ ERKEN ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI ÇÜRÜKLERİNE ETKİSİ. 2021;:1 [Crossref]
16- Shoaib S, Shoaib R. Preference of restorative materials for class II caries among dentists in mandibular first primary molars among preschool children– A retrospective study. IJPedoR. 2024;9(1):51 [Crossref]
17- Al-Sharani H, Stormon N, Al-Hutbany N, Zhang Y, Zulfiqar T. Optimal tooth brushing initiation age and frequency for preventing early childhood caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1) [Crossref]
18- Marchetti G, Fraiz F, Reis G, Vendruscolo J, Assunção L. Association Between Periodontal Health Knowledge and Oral Hygiene in Brazilian Adolescents. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr. 2020;20 [Crossref]
19- Masumo R, Ndekero T, Carneiro L. Prevalence of dental caries in deciduous teeth and oral health related quality of life among preschool children aged 4–6 years in Kisarawe, Tanzania. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1) [Crossref]
20- Huang Z, Su M, Wang Q, Li W, Jiang H. Dental caries and associated factors among Chinese children and adolescents. 2021;100(18):e25829 [Crossref]
21- Fernandes I, Ramos-Jorge J, Coelho V, Pinto A, Pordeus I, Paiva S, Ramos-Jorge M. Association between different stages of dental caries in preschoolers and familial socioeconomic factors. Braz oral res. 2022;36 [Crossref]
22- Attia D, ElKashlan M, Saleh S. Early childhood caries risk indicators among preschool children in rural Egypt: a case control study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1) [Crossref]
23- Haque F, Folayan M, Virtanen J. Maternal factors associated with early childhood caries among 3–5-year-old children with low socio-economic status in Trishal, Bangladesh. Front Oral Health. 2023;4 [Crossref]
24- Zhao Y, Zhong W, Xun Z, Zhang Q, Song Y, Liu Y, Chen F. Differences in carbon source usage by dental plaque in children with and without early childhood caries. Int J Oral Sci. 2017;9(12):e6 [Crossref]
25- Mattos M, Fernandez C, Masterson D, Maia L, Neves A. Is the caregivers’ oral health related to dental caries in children or adolescents? A systematic review. Clin Oral Invest. 2019;23(10):3843 [Crossref]
26- Sofian M, Setiawan A, Hamdani A, Pratidina N, Suwargiani A. Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in Children Aged 2–6 years in the Highlands and Lowlands of West Java. CCIDE. 2025;Volume 17:77 [Crossref]
27- Hui J, Chu C, Chen J. Evaluation of an oral health education training program for kindergarten teachers. Front Oral Health. 2025;5 [Crossref]
28- Chamut S, Alhassan M, Hameedaldeen A, Kaplish S, Yang A, Wade C, Alghamdi S, Chamut D, Novy B, Chandel T. Every bite counts to achieve oral health: a scoping review on diet and oral health preventive practices. Int J Equity Health. 2024;23(1) [Crossref]
29- Rai N, Tiwari T. Parental Factors Influencing the Development of Early Childhood Caries in Developing Nations: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health. 2018;6 [Crossref]
30- Svetlichnaya T, Mityagina A, Burkova T, Ogorelkova N. Social assessment of children dental health and its determining factors. jour. 2021;21(2):123 [Crossref]
31- Kopycka-Kedzierawski D, Ragusa P, Feng C, Flint K, Watson G, Wong C, Gill S, Billings R, O’Connor T. Psychosocial determinants of oral health outcomes in young children. Front Pediatr. 2024;12 [Crossref]
32- Sharma N, Malhotra S, Narayan M. The Impact of Dental Caries on the Oral Health Related Quality of Life in Children in Kanpur City, North India. 2022;10(1):97 [Crossref]
33- Branger B, Camelot F, Droz D, Houbiers B, Marchalot A, Bruel H, Laczny E, Clement C. Breastfeeding and early childhood caries. Review of the literature, recommendations, and prevention. Archives de Pédiatrie. 2019;26(8):497 [Crossref]
34- Chawla H, Gauba K, Goyal A, Singh S, Wadhwa P. Risk Factors in Development of Early Childhood Caries in 12–18-month-old Indian Children: A Prospective Study. 2022;56(1):7 [Crossref]
35- Foláyan M, Mfolo T, El Tantawi M. Editorial: Strategies for preventing early childhood caries. Front Oral Health. 2026;7 [Crossref]
36- Nirunsittirat A, Pitiphat W, McKinney C, DeRouen T, Chansamak N, Angwaravong O, Patcharanuchat P, Pimpak T. Breastfeeding Duration and Childhood Caries: A Cohort Study. Caries Res. 2016;50(5):498 [Crossref]
37- Zhu F, Chen Y, Yu Y, Xie Y, Zhu H, Wang H, Denis F. Caries prevalence of the first permanent molars in 6–8 years old children. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(1):e0245345 [Crossref]
38- Mahapatra S, Chaly P, Mohapatra S. Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries and Its Association with Feeding Habits among 3–5 Year Old Preschool Children: A Cross-sectional Study in Chennai City, India. 2023;21(4):313 [Crossref]
39- Ahmed M, Zubayer S. What determines the accessibility of early childhood education in Bangladesh?. Discov Educ. 2024;3(1) [Crossref]
40- Rahmawati V, Fashirul Al-Fian M, Winarti E, Jatmiko W. Promosi Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut Menggunakan Konten Video Digital pada Berbagai Tahap Kehidupan: Tinjauan Literatur tentang Efektivitas dan Hasil Keterlibatan (Engagement). PubHealth j kesehat masy. 2026;4(4):448 [Crossref]
41- Collins C, Villa-Torres L, Sams L, Zeldin L, Divaris K, Rittling S. Framing Young Childrens Oral Health: A Participatory Action Research Project. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(8):e0161728 [Crossref]
42- Seni A, Todor L, Pacurar M, Dinu S, Porumb A, Dumitresc S, Tarcea M. EVALUATION OF ORAL HYGIENE AND DENTAL STATUS AMONG 7–10-YEAR-OLD SCHOOL CHILDREN. RJOR. 2025;17(2):217 [Crossref]
43- AYDINOĞLU S. TRABZON İLİNDE, 3-6 YAŞ GRUBU ÇOCUKLARDA ERKEN ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI ÇÜRÜĞÜ PREVALANSI VE İLİŞKİLİ RİSK FAKTÖRLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. 2020; [Crossref]
44- Zhang K, Li J, Lu Z, Brussino L. The Prevalence of Dental Caries in Primary Dentition in 3‐ to 5‐Year‐Old Preschool Children in Northern China. BioMed Research International. 2020;2020(1) [Crossref]
45- Kimmie-Dhansay F, Barrie R, Naidoo S, Roberts T. Prevalence of early childhood caries in South Africa: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1) [Crossref]
46- Bal D, Keskin G. Oral health status and early childhood caries in preterm and full-term children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2026;26(1) [Crossref]
47- Zhou N, Zhu H, Chen Y, Jiang W, Lin X, Tu Y, Chen D, Chen H. Dental caries and associated factors in 3 to 5-year-old children in Zhejiang Province, China: an epidemiological survey. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1) [Crossref]
48- Chhabra C, Sogi H, Chhabra K, Rana S, Gupta S, Sharma P. Social and behavioral determinants of early childhood caries. 2022;11(1):168 [Crossref]
49- Sultana S, Parvin M, Islam M, Chowdhury E, Bari A. Prevalence of Dental Caries in Children in Mymensingh and Its Associated Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study. Dentistry Journal. 2022;10(7):138 [Crossref]

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